The Israel Defense Forces eliminated top Hezbollah military commander Haytham Ali Tabatabai over the weekend, considered to be only secondary to Hezbollah chief Secretary-General Naim Qassam. A ceasefire had been put in place one year ago this month between Hezbollah and Israel.

Hezbollah began launching rockets and missiles on northern Israeli communities on Oct. 8, 2023—just one day after the Hamas-led terrorist attacks in southern Israel that slaughtered 1,200 people and took 251 others hostage to the Gaza Strip on Oct. 7. The two Iranian proxies did so in conjunction to make the lives of the Israelis living in both north and south uninhabitable.

Despite the ceasefire in place since Nov. 27, tensions remained high along the border, with sporadic exchanges of fire and periodic escalations threatening to ignite broader hostilities. The fragile peace has been tested by incidents attributed to Hezbollah, underscoring the persistent volatility in the region.

Lebanon, which possesses the demographic intricacies of a tightly woven oriental rug, has frequently broken out into conflict. The Lebanese Parliament uses a confessional system, dividing up the seats between the various Christian and Muslim representations of the population. Fighting erupted in a brutal civil war between Lebanese Christians and Palestinian insurgents, mainly from the Palestinian Liberation Organization, from 1975 until September 1990.

In 1989, the Taif Accords were brokered in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Specifically stated in the agreement is the following: “Lebanon’s soil is united, and it belongs to all the Lebanese. Every Lebanese is entitled to live in and enjoy any part of the country under the supremacy of the law. The people may not be categorized on the basis of any affiliation whatsoever and there shall be no fragmentation, no partition, and no repatriation [of Palestinians in Lebanon].”

Unfortunately, the document did not force the withdrawal of Iranian-backed Hezbollah forces in Southern Lebanon, as it had envisioned. Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426, on May 24, 2000, Israeli troops withdrew from Southern Lebanon and even painted the stones blue (now known as the “Blue Line”).

This did little to dissuade the Shi’ite community from embracing Hezbollah. Of particular concern is the Shia Boy Scouts movement in Southern Lebanon, known as the “Imam al-Mahdi Scouts,” where children as young as 4 years old are taken, where they receive religious and ideological indoctrination, lessons on martyrdom (shahada) and meetings with Hezbollah members. It serves as the perfect training ground.

This devastating conflict not only resulted in significant loss of life and instability within the communities of northern Israel, but also deeply fractured Lebanese society along religious and sectarian, political lines. The involvement of various regional and international actors further complicated the situation, turning Lebanon into a battleground for competing interests and ideologies.

This prolonged period of violence has devastated the Lebanese people, leaving deep scars on their communities and infrastructure. The two-year war not only claimed thousands of lives but resulted in massive displacement within both Lebanon and northern Israel, in addition to widespread destruction, fundamentally altering the country’s social and political landscape.

Throughout this period, the resilience of local communities has been continually tested, with civilian populations bearing the brunt of the ongoing instability. Shi’ite homes in Southern Lebanon clandestinely housed thousands of weapons and have constructed tunnels to be used against neighboring Israelis.

International peacekeeping forces, most notably the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), were deployed to help stabilize the border region and monitor the cessation of hostilities. However, their presence often proved highly insufficient to fully prevent flare-ups or address the deeper political and security issues fueling the conflict. Efforts to disarm militias and integrate various factions into the national framework met with highly limited progress, as entrenched loyalties and external influences continued to undermine comprehensive reconciliation.

The United Nations recently voted to disband UNIFIL on Dec. 31, 2026.

These challenges were compounded by persistent economic crises, government paralysis and widespread public frustration. Political stalemates frequently paralyzed decision-making, while corruption and mismanagement undermined confidence in state institutions. The combination of domestic pressures and unresolved regional disputes perpetuated a climate of uncertainty and hindered prospects for lasting peace and development.

Despite international attempts to foster reconciliation and rebuild national institutions, Lebanon has continued to face profound challenges related to inept governance, economic hardship and sectarian tensions. The legacy of conflict remains evident in the country’s political divisions and periodic outbreaks of violence, demonstrating the enduring impact of its own tumultuous history.

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